达·西尔瓦等斯迪尼;Fernanda Pereira de Freitas,Marília;Soares de Lima-Padovani,Bruna Fernanda(2021.)
Apurinã(Arawak),沿着普瑞斯河(亚马逊州)西南部的普通河(巴西),呈现出一种标记代词和名词的复数形态系统。该语言有一些自由相同形式,可从复数区分数;另外,它具有相结合的合并形式,单数/多个区别仅在第一人称进行附口形式。In the case of nouns, there are two suffixes that mark plural, -waku (that occurs only with [+human] nouns, as kyky-waku-ry (man-pl-m) ‘men’), and -ny (that can occurs both, with [+human] nouns, as in pupỹka-ry-ny-ry (indigenous person-m-pl-m) ‘indigenous people’; or [-human] nouns, as in aiku-ny-ry (house-pl-m) ‘houses’). The language also presents some quantifiers and numerals that encode number syntactically. The quantifiers are ithu, kaiãu and kuna kamuny to encode the notion of ‘much’, puiãu, referring to ‘some/few/little’, and ykyny to mean ‘all/every’. Additionally, there are the following numerals: (h)ãty(tu) ‘one’ and epi ‘two’, which combine to derive higher numbers, and the word for ‘hand’, waku/ piu, indicating the numeral five. Thus, the plural marking in the language can be marked in different ways, none of which is, however, required by the grammar. With that in mind, we discuss the extent to which plural marking is, to a great extent, constructed by the speakers in daily language use, according to whether it is contextually important to do so, and raise the question of the relevance of this problem to a computationally implementable grammar of the language.